Queries concerning manuscript submission should be directed to:

Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Sun-Chul Hwang, MD, PhD
Korean Journal of Neurotrauma
Depatrment of Neurosurgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine
170 Jomaru-ro Wonmi-gu, Bucheon 14584, Korea
TEL: +82-32-621-5059
FAX: +82-32-621-5016
E-mail: kjnt.editor@gmail.com, schwangns@gmail.com

Manuscripts must be prepared in strict observation of research and publication ethics guidelines recommended by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE, http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/), the Council of Science Editors (http://www.councilscienceeditors.org/), World Association of Medical Editors (WAME, http://www.wame.org) and the Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors (KAMJE, http://www.kamje.or.kr/intro.php?body=publishing_ethics ). Any study involving human subject or human data must be approved by a responsible Institutional Review Board (IRB). For the policies on the research and publication ethics not stated in this instructions, Good Publication Practice Guidelines for Medical Journals (http://kamje.or.kr/intro.php?body=publishing_ethics) and Guidelines on Good Publication (http://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines). The KJNT will follow the guidelines by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE, http://publicationethics.org/) for settlement of any misconduct.

It is recommended that any research that deals with a clinical trial be registered with a primary national clinical trial registration site, such as http://cris.nih.go.kr/, or other sites accredited by the WHO as listed at http://www.who.int/ictrp/en/.

Copies of written informed consent and IRB approval for clinical research should be kept. If necessary, the editor or reviewers may request copies of these documents to resolve questions about IRB approval and study conduct. In addition, for studies conducted with human subjects, the method by which informed consent was obtained from the participants (i.e., verbal or written) also needs to be stated in the Methods section.

The corresponding author must inform the editor of any potential conflicts of interest that could influence the authors' interpretation of the data. Examples of potential conflicts of interest are financial support from or connections to pharmaceutical companies, political pressure from interest groups, and academically related issues. In particular, all sources of funding applicable to the study should be explicitly stated. These conflicts of interest must be included as a footnote on the title page or in the acknowledgement section. Corresponding author should certify the disclosure of any conflict of interest with his/her signature.

Authorship credit should be based on 1) substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; 2) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and 3) final approval of the version to be published. 4) Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. Authors should meet these 4 conditions. If the number of authors is greater than six, there should be a list of each author's role for the submitted paper. After the initial submission of a manuscript, any changes whatsoever in authorship (adding author(s), deleting author(s), or re-arranging the order of authors) must be explained by a letter to the editor from the authors concerned. This letter must be signed by all authors on the paper. Copyright assignment must be completed by every author.

All submitted manuscripts should be original and should not be considered by other scientific journals for publication at the same time. No part of the accepted manuscript should be duplicated in any other scientific journal without the permission of the Editorial Board. The duplication will be checked through CrossCheck (http://app.ithenticate.com/) or eTBLAST (http://etest.vbi.vt.edu/etblast3/) before submission. If duplicate publication related to the papers of this journal is detected, the manuscripts may be rejected, the authors will be announced in the journal, and their institutes will be informed. There will also be penalties for the authors. A letter of permission is required for any and all material that has been published previously. It is the responsibility of the author to request permission from the publisher for any material that is being reproduced. This requirement applies to text, illustrations, and tables.

It is possible to republish manuscripts if the manuscripts satisfy the conditions of secondary publication of the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals (http://www.icmje.org/journals.html).

KJNT publishes editorials, review articles, original work (clinical and laboratory research), case reports, letters to the editor, special article and etc.

1. Editorials are invited perspectives on an area of neurotrauma, dealing with very active fields of research, current surgical interests, fresh insights, and debates. Editorials should not exceed 600 words, excluding references, tables, and figures.
2. Review articles provide a concise review of a subject of importance to neurotrauma researchers written by an invited expert in neurotrauma. Manuscripts include a Title page, Unstructured abstract and Keywords, Main text (Introduction, Manuscript body, Conclusion), Conflict of interest, Acknowledgments (if necessary), References, Tables, Figures, and Legends. Review articles should not exceed 60,000 words and 100 references.
3. Original articles are papers reporting the results of clinical investigations, which are sufficiently well documented to be acceptable to critical readers. The manuscript for original articles should be organized in the following order: Title page, Structured abstract and Keywords, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Conflict of interest, Acknowledgments (if necessary), References, Tables, Figures, and Legends. Original articles should not exceed 40,000 words and 35 references.
4. Case reports/ideas and innovations deal with clinical cases of surgical interest or innovation. The manuscript sequence for a Case report is Title page, Unstructured abstract and Keywords, Introduction, Case Report, Discussion, Conflict of interest, Acknowledgments (if necessary), References, Tables, Figures, and Legends. The case report and idea innovation should not exceed 20,000 words and 20 references. The abstracts should be unstructured and its length should not exceed 250 words.
5. Letters to the editor or commentary letters: Authors can submit a sound critic or opinion for the specific article published in the journal, topic of general interest to neurosurgeons, personal view on a specific scientific issue, departmental announcements or changes, conference schedules, or other information of the clinical fields.
6. Special articles are devoted to providing updated reports by specialists in various fields or significant issues (e.g., history of the field) for the members of the society. The authors and topics of special drafts will be assigned and specially requested by the editorial board. The authors' views in special drafts will be respected as much as possible.

The manuscript must be written in English only.
The main document with the manuscript text and tables should be prepared with in an MS Word format (doc or docx).
The text of the manuscript, including tables and their footnotes and figure legends, must be double-spaced and in standard 11-point font on A4 size.

• Drug and chemical names should be stated in standard chemical or generic nomenclature.
• Units of measure should be presented according to the International System (SI) of Units. All units must be preceded by one space except angle (°), percentage (%) and temperature (°C).
• Descriptions of genes or related structures in a manuscript should include the names and official symbols provided by the US National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) or the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee.
• Statistical expression: mean and standard deviation should be described as mean±SD, and mean and standard error as mean±SE. p-values should be described as p<0.05 or p=0.003.
• Generic and brand name of medicine: for medicine, use generic names. If a brand name should be used, insert it in parentheses after the generic name.

For the specific study design, such as randomized control studies, studies of diagnostic accuracy, meta-analyses, observational studies, and non-randomized studies, it is recommended that the authors follow the reporting guidelines listed in the following table.

The title page should be composed of external and internal title pages.

• a) The external title page should contain the article title, and full names of all authors with their institutional affiliations in English. The type of manuscript (review article, laboratory study, clinical research, and case report) should be also addressed. The title should be less than 50 words with well understandable topic. When the work includes multiple authors with different affiliations, the institution where the research was mainly conducted should be spelled out first, and then be followed by foot notes in superscript Arabic numerals beside the authors' names to describe their affiliation in a consecutive order of the numbers. The external title page should also contain the address, telephone and facsimile numbers, and e-mail address of the corresponding author at the bottom of the page, as well as information on the previous presentation of the manuscript in conferences and funding resources, if necessary. Then, mark the running head as not to exceed 65 characters in English.
• b) The internal title page should only contain the article title in English. The internal title page must not contain any information on the names and affiliations of the authors.

All manuscripts must contain an abstract. The abstract should be concise, less than 250 words and describe concisely the Objective, Methods, Results, and Conclusion, in a structured format. Abstract for case report and review should be unstructured and its length should not exceed 200 words. A list of key words, with a maximum of six items, should be included at the end of the abstract. The selection of key words should be based on Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) of Index Medicus and the Web site (https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/MBrowser.html).

The introduction should address the purpose of the article concisely, and include background reports mainly relevant to the purpose of the paper (detailed review of the literature should be addressed in the discussion section).

Materials and Methods section should include sufficient details of the design, objects, and methods of the article in order, as well as the data analysis strategies and control of bias in the study. Enough details need to be addressed in the methodology section of an experimental study so that it can be further replicated by others. When reporting experiment with human subjects, the authors should indicate whether they received an approval from the IRB for the study. When reporting experiments with animal subjects, the authors should indicate whether the handling of the animals was supervised by the research board of the affiliated institution or a similar one. Photographs disclosing patients must be accompanied by a signed release form from the patient or family permitting publication.
We endorse the principles embodied in the Declaration of Helsinki and expect that all investigations involving human materials have been performed in accordance with these principles. For animal experimentation, "the Guiding Principles in the Care and Use of Animals" approved by the American Physiological Society, must have been observed. An explanation of the experimental methods should be concise and sufficient for repetition by other qualified investigators. Procedures that have been published previously should not describe in detail. However, new or significant modifications of previously published procedures need full descriptions. The sources of special chemicals or preparations should be given along with their location (name of company, city, state, or country). Method of statistical analyses and criteria of significance level should be described.

The authors should describe logically their results of observations and analyses performed using methodology given in the previous section and provide actual data. For biometric measurements in which considerable amount of stochastic variation exists a statistical treatment should be used in principle. The result section should include sorely the findings of the current study, and not refer to previous reports. While an effort should be made to avoid overlapping description by Tables and by main text, important trends and points in the Table should be described in the text. Experimental results should be described using Arabic numbers and the SI unit system.

Discussions about the findings of the research and interpretations in relation to other studies are made. It is necessary to emphasize the new and critical findings of the study, not to repeat the results of the study presented in the previous sections. The meaning and limitation of observed facts should be described, and the conclusion should be related to the objective of the study only when it is supported by the results of the research. It is encouraged for the authors to use subheadings in the discussion section so that the readers can follow the logical flow of the authors' thought.

The conclusion section should include a concise statement of the major findings of the study in accordance with the study purpose.

• a) Only references cited in text must appear in the reference list and marked in the form of superscript at the end of the sentences they were used in text (example: reference11,15-18)). If other author's name is used on manuscript, the reference list must be marked right after the name (example: Majd et al.14) reported an overall recurrent fracture rate of 10%).
• b) All references should be alphabetized by the first author's last name. If there were same first author��s last name, then the order will be followed by the second author's name.
• c) When a work has six or less authors, cite the names of all authors. When a work has over six authors, cite the first six authors' name followed by "et al." Abbreviations for journal titles should be congruent with the style of Index Medicus. A journal title with one word does not need to be written out in abbreviation. The styles of references are as follows:

<Journal>

1) Yang SM, Park HK, Cho SJ, Chang JC, Park SQ, Kim RS. The current analysis of the risk factors for bone graft infection after cranioplasty. Korean J Neurotrauma 9:57-63, 2013
2) Meirowsky AM, Caveness WF, Dillon JD, Rish BL, Mohr JP, Kistler JP, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid fistulas complicating missile wounds of the brain. J Neurosurg 54:44-48, 1981

<Book>

3) Winn HR. Youmans neurological surgery, ed 5. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company, 2004

<Book Chapter>

4) Knightly JJ, Pulliam MW. Military head injuries in Narayan RK (ed): Neurotrauma. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, pp891-902, 1996

<Website>

5) World Health Organization, The International Spinal Cord Society. International perspectives on spinal cord injury. Geneva, CH: World Health Organization, 2013 (http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/94192/1/WHO_NMH_VIP_13.03_eng.pdf?ua=1) [Accessed October 1, 2015]

Tables should be typed double-spaced on separate pages within manuscript, and they should be titled and numbered in Arabic numerals in the order of their first citation in the text. Each column should be given a short heading. Only the first letter of the first word in each row and column should be capital letters. If numerical measurements are given, the unit of measurement should be included in the each heading. The statistical significance of observed differences in the data should be indicated by the appropriate statistical analysis. All abbreviations should be defined in footnotes. For special remarks, superscripts *, †, ‡, §, ∥, ¶, **, ††, ‡‡... should be used.

The author is responsible for submitting prints that are of sufficient quality to permit accurate reproduction, and for approving the final color galley proof. All photographs should be correctly exposed and sharply focused. The entire expense of reproducing color photographs will be charged to the author; current estimates for color reproduction can be obtained from the Editorial Office. KJNT assumes no responsibility for the quality of the photography as it appears in the Journal. Symbols, arrows, or letters used in photographs should contrast with the background. A legend for each light microscopic photograph should include name of stain and magnification (e.g., H&E, ×400); electron microscopic photography should have an internal scale marker. All kinds of figures may be reduced, enlarged, or trimmed for publication by the editor. All the legends for figures should be double-spaced. Do not use a separate sheet for each legend. Figure legends should describe briefly the data shown, explain any abbreviations or reference points in the photograph. The figures should be numbered in the form Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3. Related figures should be combined into one figure, with each subfigure denoted by the letters, A, B, C, and so on, following the Arabic number of the main figure (e.g., Figure 1A; Figure 1B and C; Figure 1A-C). Figures should be submitted as Tiff or EPS file format. If the only possible file format is JPEG, it must be in highest quality with minimum compression. It is recommended to size original figure widths to 4 inches wide.

The minimum requirements for digital resolution are:

- 300 DPI/PPI for picture-only photographs.

- 600 DPI/PPI for photographs containing pictures and line elements, e.g., text labels, thin lines, arrows.

- 900 DPI/PPI for black and white images, such as line drawings or graphs.